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Faculty Profiles

Anne Warfield Rawls
arawls@bentley.edu
MOR 149H
781/891-3148
Associate Professor of Sociology

PhD, Boston University, 1983

Research Interests:

Ethnomethodology

Workplace Studies

Race Relations

Social Theory & Political Philosphy

Language and Communication

Ethics and Social Practice

Practice/Consulting Interests:

Workplace Studies

Race and Inequality

Computer Mediated Work

Conversation Analysis

Teaching Interests:

Globalization & Modern Democratic Practice

Situated Practice and the Workplace

Race, Gender & Interaction

Epistemology and Practice

Ethnomethodology and Conversation Analysis

Social and Political Theory

Anne Warfield Rawls
Selected Publications and presentations:

Journal articles
Rawls, Anne. "An Essay on Two Conceptions of Social Order: Constitutive Orders of Action, Objects and Identities vs Aggregate Orders of Individual Action," The Journal of Classical Sociology, vol. 9, no. 4, 21, 2009.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Editor's Introduction," The Journal of Classical Sociology, vol. 9, no. 4, 1-14, 2009.

David, Gary, Garcia, Angela, Rawls, Anne Warfield, Chand, Donald. "Listening To What is Said - Transcribing What is Heard:The Impact of Speech Recognition Technology (SRT) on The Practice of Medical Transcription (MT)," Sociology of Health and Illness, 2009.

Rawls, Anne Warfield, Mann, Dave, Garcia, Angela, David, Gary, Burton, Matt. "MITRE Information Assurance Data Standards Study: What Can be Learned and How Enumerations Can be Defended Using Ethnomethodology (EM) and Conversation Analysis (CA)," Etnografia & Ricerca Qualitativa (Ethnography and Qualitative Research), vol. 2, no. 1, 2009.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Harold Garfinkel, Ethnomethodology and Workplace Studies," Organization Studies, vol. 20, no. 5, 2008.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Durkheim's Epistemology: The Neglected Argument (in French Translation)," Enquete/French, 2007.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Reciprocity and Practice: Trust in a context of Globalization (in French translation)," Enquete/French, 2007.

Rawls, Anne Warfield, David, Gary. "Accountably Other: Trust, Reciprocity and Exclusion in a Context of Situated Practice," Human Studies, vol. 28, no. 4, 469-497, 2006.

Wright, Bonnie, Rawls, Anne Warfield. "The Dialectics of Beliefs and Practice: Religious Process as Praxis," Critical Sociology, vol. 31, no. 1-2, 30, 2006.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Garfinkel's Conception of Time," Time and Society, vol. 14, no. 2-3, 163-190, 2005.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "The treatment of Practice in Durkheim's Sociology (in Russian Translation)," Sosiological Review, vol. 4, no. 1, 3-30, 2005.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "La Falace de l'abstraction Mal Place (The Fallacy of Misplaced Abstraction)," The Mauss Review/French, vol. 24, 25, 2004.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Conflict as a Foundation for Consensus: Contradictions of Capitalism in Durkheim's Division of Labor in Society," Critical Sociology, 2003.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Emergent Sociality: A Dialectic of Commitment and Order, translation," Mauss Review/French, vol. 19, 19, 2002.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Durkheim's Treatment of Practice: Concrete Practice vs Representations as the Foundation for Reason," The Journal of Classical Sociology, vol. 1, no. 1, 2001.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Race as an Interaction Order Phenomena: W.E.B. DuBois's 'Double Consciousness' Thesis Revisited," Sociological Theory, vol. 18, no. 2, 239-272, 2000.

Mosby, Lynetta, Rawls, Anne Warfield, Mays, Edward, Pettinari, Catherine J, Meehan, Albert J. "Troubles in Interracial Talk About Discipline: Discipline Narratives of African American Seniors," Journal of Comparative Family Studies, vol. 30, no. 3, 489-521, 1999.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Durkheim's Challenge to Philosophy: Human Reason as a Product of Enacted Social Practice," American Journal of Sociology, vol. 104, no. 3, 887-901, 1998.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Durkheim and Pragmatism: a Old Twist on a New Problem," Sociological Theory, vol. 15, no. 1, 5-29, 1997.

Rawls, Anne Warfield, Meehan, Albert J, Pettinari, Catherine J, Mays, Edward, Mosby, Lynetta. "The Application of Interactional Analysis to an Applied Study of Social Work," Applied Behavioral Science Review, vol. 5, no. 1, 113-139, 1997.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Durkheim's Epistemology: The Initial Critique 1915-1924," Sociological Quarterly, vol. 38, no. 1, 111-145, 1996.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Durkheim's Epistemology: The Neglected Argument," American Journal of Sociology, vol. 102, no. 2, 430-482, 1996.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Can Rational Choice be a Foundation for Social Theory?," Theory Society, vol. 21, no. 2, 219-241, 1992.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Reply to the Interaction Order and the Mirco-Macro Distinction," Sociological Theory, vol. 10 n. 1, 1992.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Emergent Sociality: A Dialectic of Commitment and Order," Symbolic Interaction, vol. 13, no. 1, 63-82, 1990.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Language, Self, and Social Order: a Re-evaluation of Goffman and Sacks," Human Studies, vol. 12, no. (1), 147-172, 1989.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Simmel and the Interaction Order: Reply to Levine," Sociological Theory, vol. 7 no. 1, 124-129, 1989.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Interaction vs Interaction Order: Reply to Fuchs," Sociological Theory, vol. 6 no. 1, 124-129, 1988.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "The Interaction Order Sui Generis: Goffman's Contribution to Social Theory," Sociological Theory, vol. 5, no. 2, 136-149, 1987.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Reply to Gallant and Kleinman On Symbolic Interaction versus Ethnomethodology," Symbolic Interaction, vol. 8, no. 1, 121-140, 1985.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Interaction as a Resource for Epistemological Critique: A Comparison of Goffman and Sartre," Sociological Theory, vol. 2, no. 1, 222-252, 1984.

Books
Garfinkel, Harold, Rawls, Anne Warfield, Editor. Toward a Sociological Theory of Information, Paradigm, Boulder Colorado, 2008.

Garfinkel, Harold, Rawls, Anne Warfield, Editor. Seeing Sociologically, Paradigm Publishers, Boulder, Colorado, 2006.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. Epistemology and Practice: Durkheim's The Elementary Forms of Religious Life, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 2004.

Garfinkel, Harold, Rawls, Anne Warfield, Editor. Ethnomethodology's Program: Working Out Durkheim's Aphorism, Rowman and Littlefield Press, Boulder Colorado, 2002.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. White People are Nosey/Black People are Rude: Interracial Interaction Troubles as Cultural Misunderstandings, Rowman and Littlefield Press, Colorado, 2000.

Rawls, Anne Warfield, Anderson, Timothy, Helm, David, Meehan, Albert J. Interactional Order: New Directions in the Study of Social Order, Irvington Press, New York, 1989.

Book chapters
Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Communities of Practice vs Traditional Communities: the State of Sociology in a Context of Globalization," in Sociological Objects: The Reconfiguration of Social Theory, pages 30, Ashgate, London, 2009

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Garfinkel," in The Blackwell Companion to Major Social Theorists, third revised edition, Blackwell, London, 2009

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Translation of my Chapter on Garfinkel for the Russian translation of Studies in Ethnomethodology by Harold Garfinkel," in Studies in Ethnomethodology, pages 50, Vladehner Daly, St. Petersburg, 2008

Wright, Bonnie, Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Speaking in Tongues: a Dialectic of Faith and Practice," in Marx, Critical Theory, and Religion: a Critique of Rational Choice, pages 249-284, Brill, Boston, 2007

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "The Conception and Treatment of practice in Durkheim," in Theory of Sociology: History, Current Condition and Perspectives (in Russian), pages 301-344, Vladehner Daly, St.Petersburg, 2007

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Harold Garfinkel," in The Blackwell Companion to Major Social Theorists, second edition, pages 50, Blackwell, London, 2003

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Orders of Interaction and Intelligibility: Intersections Between Goffman and Garfinkel by Way of Durkheim," in Goffman's Legacy, pages 40, Rowman and Littlefield, Boulder, Colorado, 2003

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Durkheim's Epistemology: Practice as the Basis of Knowledge," in Durkheim Contributi per una Rilettura Critica, pages 30, Meltimi, Rome, Italy, 2002

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Harold Garfinkel," in Essays on Ethnomethodology, pages 50, Rutledge Press, Nashville, TN, 2002

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "The Interaction Order Sui Generis: Goffman's Contribution to Social Theory," in Collected Essays on Erving Goffman, pages 40, Blackwell, Oxford, UK, 2002

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Harold Garfinkel," in The Blackwell Companion to Major Social Theorists, pages 50, Blackwell, London, 2000

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Simmel, Parsons and the Interaction Order," in George Simmel A Critical Assessment, pages 20, Routledge, London, UK, 1994

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "An Ethnomethodological Perspective on Social Theory," in Interactional Order: New Directions in the Study of Social Order, pages 16, Irvington Press, New York, NY, 1989

Book reviews
Jones, Robert Alun. Review of Review of The Development of Durkheim's Social Realism by Rawls, Anne Warfield. for Contemporary Sociology, vol. 30, no. 1, 56-59, 2001.

Wiley, Norbert. Review of The Semiotic Self by Rawls, Anne Warfield. for American Journal of Sociology, vol. 102, no. 1, 1468-1472, 1996.

Conference papers
Garcia, Angela, Rawls, Anne, Mann, Dave. "Creating Agreement in Email Meetings: The Interactional Consequences of Asynchronicity. Second author with Angela Garcia and David Mann," in Eastern Sociological Association, March 2009.

Rawls, Anne. "Keynote Address: Goffman and the Interaction Order," in Colloque Goffman, January 2009.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Remarks on Goffman at the 50 Year Anniversary of Presentation of Self," in Eastern Sociological Association Meetings, March 2009.

Duck, Waverly, Rawls, Anne. "The Social Order of Drug Dealing," in Eastern Sociological Association, March 2009.

Rawls, Anne. "Garfinkel and Information Theory," in American Sociological Association, August 2008.

Rawls, Anne, Mann, David, Garcia, Angela. "Information System Design Using Ethnomethodology (EM) & Conversation Analysis (CA)," in American Sociological Association, August 2008.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Garfinkel and Workplace Studies," in American Sociological Association, August 2007.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Garfinkel's Theory of Information," in Mind and Society Conference, Manchester Metropolitan University, June 2006.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Information Order and Intelligibility - Garfinkel, Durkheim and the Information Age, Keynote," in Sociology After Durkheim, University of Surrey School of Management, June 2006.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Information and Practice: Reciprocity and Pattern," in The Organization Studies Group, MIT, Sloan School of Managment, May 2006.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "La Theorie de la Connaissance de Durkheim: un Argument Neglige de San Ouvre", Keynote," in The Ecole de Science Sociale, June 2005.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Race and Justice in a Praxiological Perspective," in Ecole Haute Etudes de Science Sociale, June 2005.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "A Sociology of Practice: Durkheim and Garfinkel," in University of Milano-Bicocca, January 2004.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Classical Social Theory and Contemporary Practice: Durkheim and Garfinkel," in Charles Institute, January 2004.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Current Developments in Ethnomethodology and Conversational Analysis, Keynote Address," in Annual Meeting of the Italian Phenomenlogical Association, January 2004.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Durkheim and Garfinkel," in The School for Higher Economics, 2004.

Coates, Derek, Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Interaction Orders of Blindness," in The Pacific Sociological Association, April 2004.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Situated Practice and Justice in a Context of Globalization: Ethnomethodology and Contemporary Theories of Practice," in University of Pisa, January 2004.

Coates, Derek, Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Interaction Orders of Blindness," in American Sociological Association, 2003.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Practice vs Concepts: Garfinkel and Contemporary Social Theory, Plenary Address," in Biannual Meetings, International Association for Study of Ethnomethodology & Conversational Analysis, July 2003.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Practice vs Concepts: Situated Practice and Society in a Context of Globalization," in Meeting in Paris of GEODE, 311-324, June 2003.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Garfinkel's Contribution to Social Theory," in Eastern Sociological Associaton Meeting, March 2002.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Orders of Interaction and Intelligibility: Intersections Between Goffman and Garfinkel by Way of Durkheim, Keynote Address," in American Sociological Association, 2002.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Greeting Preferences: Interaction Orders of Race," in The American Sociological Association, 2000.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "The Possibility of Reason Within a Sociological Context, Keynote Address," in The American Sociological Association, 2000.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life," in International Sociological Association, July 1998.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Race/Cultural Variance in Interactional Preferences: Some Consequences," in The Midwest Sociological Association Meetings, April 1997.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Durkheim's Epistemology: A History of Neglect," in American Sociological Association Meetings, 1996.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Ethnomethodology and Symbolic Interaction: On the Boundary Between Order and Chaos," in The Stone Symposium, July 1996.

Rawls, Anne Warfield, Pettinari, Catherine, Meehan, Albert, Mays, Edward. "Gaze as a Component of Moral Character: Gaze Assessment Sequences in Service Encounter Supervisory Reviews," in The Stone Symposium, July 1996.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Intelligibility and Moral Rules," in American Sociological Association Meetings, August 1996.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "The Sociology of Food," in The Michigan Sociological Association Meetings, 1995.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Sandel: Republican Values and Democracy," in Ethics Conference, 1994.

Mosby, Lynetta, Rawls, Anne Warfield. "'If I Don't Whip Them The White Man Will': Discipline Issues in the Black Family," in The Michigan Sociological Association Meetings, November 1993.

Rawls, Anne Warfield, Mosby, Lynetta. "An Interactional Study of Discipline Issues," in Communications Conference, 1993.

Rawls, Anne Warfield, Pettinari, Catherine, Mays, Edward. "Avoiding the B-Word and Other Interracial Troubles," in The Midwest Sociological Association Meetings, April 1993.

Rawls, Anne Warfield, Pettinari, Catherine, Mays, Edward. "Avoiding the B-Word and Other Interracial Troubles," in The Michigan Sociological Association, November 1993.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Communication, Race and Narrative," in The Midwest Sociological Association Meetings, April 1993.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Containment: Impact on the Service Encounter Race Differentials in the Importance of Narrative," in Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction Meetings, August 1993.

Rawls, Anne Warfield, Meehan, Albert, Mays, Edward. "Interracial Problems in the Service Delivery Encounter," in Communications Conference, February 1993.

Rawls, Anne Warfield, Pettinari, Catherine, Mays, Edward. "Non-Talk About Race: The Collaborative Management of Stigma in Interracial Communication," in The Black Sociological Association Meetings, August 1993.

Rawls, Anne Warfield, Pettinari, Catherine. "Non-Talk About Race: The Collaborative Management of Stigma in Interracial Communication," in Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction Meetings, August 1993.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Race Differentials in Greeting Sequences: Their Impact on Race Relations," in The Black Sociological Association Meetings, August 1993.

Rawls, Anne Warfield, Mosby, Lynetta. "Stories About Institutions: The Attitude of Black Community Toward the Formal Institutions which 'Serve' It," in The Black Sociological Association Meetings, August 1993.

Rawls, Anne Warfield, Mosby, Lynetta. "Stories About Institutions: The Attitudes of the Black Community Toward the Formal Institutions which 'Serve' It," in Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction Meetings, August 1993.

Rawls, Anne Warfield, Mays, Edward, Meehan, Albert, Pettinari, Catherine. "The In-Situ Practice of Role Modeling and its Consequences for Service Delivery to Inner City Black Families," in The Midwest Sociological Association Meetings, April 1993.

Rawls, Anne Warfield, Mays, Edward, Meehan, Albert. "The In-Situ Practice of Role Modeling and its Consequences for Service Delivery to Inner City Black Families," in Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction Meetings, August 1993.

Rawls, Anne Warfield, Mays, Edward, Meehan, Albert, Pettinari, Catherine. "The In-Situ Practice of Role Modeling and its Consequences for Service to Urban Black Families," in The Black Sociological Association Meetings, 1993.

Rawls, Anne Warfield, Mosby, Lynetta. "Troubles in Interracial Talk About Discipline," in The Midwest Sociological Association Meetings, April 1993.

Rawls, Anne Warfield, Pettinari, Catherine. "Managing Conflict: Backpackaging a Conversational Device," in American Association of Applied Linguistics, February 1992.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Interactional Analysis and the Problem of Agency," in American Sociological Association Meetings, August 1990.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Moral Aspects of the Interaction Order," in The Midwest Sociological Association Meetings, April 1990.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Language, Interaction and Social Order," in The Midwest Sociological Association Meetings, April 1989.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Talk and Social Structure: The Case of Calls to the Police," in The Midwest Sociological Association Meetings, March 1988.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "A Field Report on Medical Services in a Fountain House Model Clubhouse," in Fourth International Seminar on the Clubhouse Model, September 1987.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "The Integration of Medical Services into the Fountain House Model," in Twelfth Annual Conference of the International Association of Psychological Rehabilitation Services, June 1987.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "An Interactional Approach to a Theory of Social Problems," in The Annual Meeting of the Society for the Study of Social Problems, August 1986.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Conversational Analysis and the Conception of Social Structure," in Presented at the Conference on Talk and Social Structure, March 1986.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Goffman and the Idea of Local Order," in The Goffman Conference, July 1986.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Criminological Studies as an Implicit Challenge to a Rational View of Institutional Order," in Annual Meeting of The American Society of Criminology, November 1985.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Critique of Presumptive Sentencing: Increasing Inequality in the Name of 'Fairness'," in The Forum on Presumptive Sentencing, April 1985.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Resolving the Dispute Between 'Macro' and 'Micro' Sociology," in Eastern Sociological Society, March 1984.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "An Interactionist Perspective on Social Theory," in Eastern Sociological Society, March 1982.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "A Re-Examination of Austin's Analysis of Excuses from a Conversational Analytic Perspective," in The Interaction Research Group, January 1980.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Backpackaging: an Empirically Generated Critique of Ordinary Language Philosophy," in Third Annual Conference on Interaction and Conversation, April 1980.

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Ethnomethodological and Interactional Studies: a Theoretical Appraisal," in Fifth International Boston University Conference on Ethnomethodology and Conversational Analysis, August 1979.

Doctoral dissertation
Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Constitutive Justice: an Interactionist Contribution to the Understanding of Social Order and Human Value." Boston University, 1983.

Other
Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Durkheim (entry) - Concise Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology, online version".

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Conversation Analysis". Entry on CA for the International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, published by MacMillan

Rawls, Anne Warfield. "Durkheim". This is the entry on Durkheim for the massive 20 volume Blackwell Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, edited by George Ritzer

Professional Memberships:
American Sociological Association
ASA Section on Ethnomethodology and Conversation Analysis
ASA Theory Section

Honors and Awards:
2010, Marie de Paris Senior Research "Laureate"

Scholarly Work in Progress:
The Orderliness of Urban Disorder: Drug Dealing "Careers" and the Local Interaction Order of a Place .
Report on four years of ethnographic research - co-authored with my colleague Waverly Duck (Yale)

The Production and Avoidance of Disagreements in Multi Party Email Exchanges.
Article reporting on work with a team of MITRE Designers

The Social Act of Meaning.
Book about language and understanding as social objects

What is Our "What"?: Ethnography Inside the Black Box.
Article reporting on research with design engineers at MITRE

Other Activities:
Research "Laureate" City of Paris with an attachment to the Marcel Mauss Institute EHESS Paris

ASA Theory Section Mini-conference, Senior Scholar Commentator

Associate Editor, Sociological Theory

Council Member, ASA Section on Ethnomethodology and Conversation Analysis

Special Issue Editor, The Journal of Classical Sociology

Associate Editor, Journal of Classical Sociology

Associate Editor, Qualitative Sociology

Associate Editor, Social Problems

Council Member, Section on Ethnomethodology and Conversation Analysis

Editorial Board Member, Contemporary Sociology

Editorial Board Member, Journal of Experimental Criminology

Organizing and Coordinating the Russian and French and Italian translations of Garfinkel's Studies in Ethnomethodology

Series Editor, Paradigm Publishers

Special Issue Editor, Journal of Classical Sociology

Working with a research team of designers and social scientists at MITRE to explore the application of ethnomethodology and conversation analysis to ongoing MITRE projects in the areas of design and information systems.

Co-Chair, Section for Ethnomethodology and Conversation Analysis, ASA

Editorial Board Member, Contemporary Sociology

Editorial Board Member, Journal of Classical Sociology

Editorial Board Member, Journal of Experimental Criminology

Editorial Board Member, Social Problems

Series Editor, Paradigm Publishers

Council Member, Section on Race and Gender

Top of page

Teaching interests explore issues related to the development of capitalism and its relationship to situated practices. These include the presentation of self, the development of a modern situated character, and studies of the situated character of reason, order and intelligibility. Courses explore the impetus toward justice in an industrial capitalist context and the forms of character and interactional commitment that appear in modern contexts. Courses also focus on race relations, inequality, and justice. Research interests include focused studies of situated practice and exploration of its increasing importance in modern society. A major research focus has been the delineation of an emergent interactional "social contract" and its resistance to inequalities that result from institutional arrangements and individual interests. Areas of interest include Ethics, Ethnomethodology, Epistemology, Philosophy of Language, Conversation Analysis and Social Theory. Author of Durkheim's Elementary Forms of the Religious life, Cambridge University Press, "Durkheim's Epistemology: the Neglected Argument," The American Journal of Sociology, "Interaction Orders of Race: W.E.B DuBois's Double Consciousness Thesis Revisited," Sociological Theory, "Emergent Sociality: Dialectic of Commitment and Order," Symbolic Interaction, "Harold Garfinkel," in Blackwell Companion to Major Social Theorists, Editor of Ethnomethodology's Program: Working Out Durkheim's Aphorism, Rowman and Littlefield (Author Harold Garfinkel).